Author: Michael Motoc
Scintillating scotoma is a transient visual disturbance characterized by shimmering, zig-zagging, or fortification-like patterns that gradually expand across the visual field. It most commonly occurs as part of a migraine aura but may also occur independently without headache, a presentation known as “acephalgic migraine” or migraine aura without headache. The condition originates from cortical rather than ocular dysfunction, distinguishing it from retinal or optic nerve disease. Although

Author: Victoria Rhodes
Pellagra results from a deficiency in niacin (vitamin B3) or its precursor, the amino acid tryptophan. Although humans can synthesize niacin from tryptophan, this conversion depends on adequate levels of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). Historically, pellagra has been associated with malnutrition, particularly in populations relying on untreated maize (corn) as a dietary staple. Without nixtamalization, a traditional processing method, the niacin and tryptophan in